Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus, 1758)
LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Sistema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii, iii + 824 pp. [p. 697]
1705 Pecten secundus Rumphius, 1705 [invalid publication]
1758 Ostrea pallium Linnaeus, 1758
1784 Pallium ducale Chemnitz, 1784 [invalid publication]
1791 Ostrea maculosa Gmelin, 1791
1791 Ostrea palliata Gmelin, 1791
1878 Pecten novaeguineae Tenison Woods, 1878
1880 Pecten helenae Boetger, 1880
1883 Pecten (Pecten) palliolum Boetger, 1883
1758 Ostrea pallium Linnaeus, 1758
1784 Pallium ducale Chemnitz, 1784 [invalid publication]
1791 Ostrea maculosa Gmelin, 1791
1791 Ostrea palliata Gmelin, 1791
1878 Pecten novaeguineae Tenison Woods, 1878
1880 Pecten helenae Boetger, 1880
1883 Pecten (Pecten) palliolum Boetger, 1883
Pecten secundus; G. E. Rumphius, 1705, D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, plate 44, figure B.
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«Pallium. 163. O. testa radiis 12. convexis, striata scabra squamis imbricata.
Rumph. mus. t; 44. f. B. C. Pecten secundus. Gualt. test. t, 74. f. F. Argenv. conch. t; 27. f. I. Kratzenst. Regenf: 26. t. 6. f. 59. Habitat in O. australiore & Indico.» CAROLUS LINNAEUS, 1758
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«Description. — Shell solid, up to 90 mm high, most specimens c. 60 mm; solid, inflated, circular, equivalve, equilateral, auricles unequal in shape and size, umbonal angle c. 90-95˚; vividly coloured with highly variable blotches and/or bands of red, yellow, purple, maroon or brown; interior whitish with orange or purple near margins and on auricles. Both valves with 12-15 primary radial costae, most specimens with 13 (somewhat narrower on left valve than on right), and 2-4 secondary riblets on costae (3 on most specimens; lacking near anterior and posterior margins) and in radial interspaces. Commarginal lamellae on costae in early growth, costae becoming more tripartite near ventral margin. Auricles with 3-6 squamous or nodulous radial costae. Byssal notch deep, byssal fasciole rather broad. Functional ctenolium with 3-6
teeth. Resilifer triangularly oblong. Marginal auricular gape present between auricular crura. Resilial teeth weak, dorsal teeth prominent. Inner surface plicate, with prominent internal rib carinae. Distribution. — Throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific (except the Red Sea and the Hawaiian Islands) from southern Japan to northern Australia, westwards into the Indian Ocean to South Africa and Mozambique, and eastwards into the eastern central Pacific to the Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago (Raines & Poppe, 2006: 118; Raines, 2010: 608). Present specimens from the Philippines alive at 4-100 m (minimum depth range). Bathymetric range of live-taken specimens from intertidal to below sublittoral. Examined live-taken specimens of tangle-net fishing in the Philippines from bathyal depths are plausible, due to the inaccurate data. Living byssally attached to coral slabs or to rubble under the slab, a few specimens found amongst small rocks and rubble on steep slopes. Adults appear to be able to move to the open water area at night to feed and then move back into the rubble pile during the day. Remarks. — The present specimens from the Philippines are indistinguishable from the type material and the sculpture is rather constant, except for the lamellae on the radial costae. For comparison with Gloripallium spiniferum (Sowerby 1st, 1835) from French Polynesia and Gloripallium maculosum (Forsskål, 1775) from the Red Sea see Dijkstra & Kilburn (2001: 281).» DIJKSTRA, H. H. 2013. Pectinoidea (Bivalvia: Propeamussiidae and Pectinidae) from the Panglao region, Philippine Islands. Vita Malacologica, 10: 1-108, pls. 1-32. [p. 42, 43]
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Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus, 1758); H. H. Dijkstra, 2013, Pectinoidea from the Panglao region, Philippine Islands, plate 10, figures 3a-3d.
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«Remarks: Waller (1972: 241) considered Pecten speciosus Reeve, 1853, to be a junior synonym (an ‘intrapopulation variant’) of G. pallium. However, populations of P. speciosus usually live in deeper water - down to sublittoral depths - and thus should rather be regarded as a bathymetric form. G. pallium form speciosum differs from typical G. pallium mainly in possessing more strongly developed concentric lamellae on its radial costae, which are not trifidly divided, and in lacking secondary radial riblets. Intermediate states between the two bathymorphs have been examined (collections MNHN and HD).
Gloripallium spiniferum (G. B. Sowerby 1st, 1835) from French Polynesia is similar to G. pallium form speciosum, but is smaller (less than ca. 30 mm high), less convex, has fewer (8–9) radial costae, and its auricles are more weakly sculptured to nearly smooth. The endemic Red Sea Gloripallium maculosum (Forsskål, 1775) (syn. Ostrea sanguinolenta Gmelin, 1791) differs from G. pallium in its smaller size (up to ca. 50 mm) and more elongate form (umbonal angle ca. 85–90°); furthermore maculosum has more prominent radial costae, which are fewer (7–9) in number and bear more numerous (6–9) secondary radial riblets; concentric lamellae are also more closely spaced than in G. pallium. The present material from Mozambique is similar to the type material of G. pallium. South African specimens of G. pallium form speciosum resemble the type material of the latter, although on the LV the rib intervals are slightly broader and coloration is paler. This is a new record for South Africa.» DIJKSTRA, H. H. & R. N. KILBURN. 2001. The family Pectinidae in South Africa and Mozambique (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinoidea). African Invertebrates, 42: 263-321. [p. 281]
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Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus, 1758); B. K. Raines & G. T. Poppe, 2006, A Conchological Iconography, The Family Pectinidae, plate 71, figures 1-6
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«Synonym
Pecten novaeguinae Tenison-Woods, 1878: 267, Pleistocene, Hall Sound, Papua New Guinea. Description Shell up to c. 80 mm in height, solid, moderately compressed, valves equally convex, suborbicular, slightly longer than wide, equivalve, equilateral, auricles unequal in size, umbonal angle c. 90°. Both valves with 12–14, regularly arranged, primary radial plicae, secondary, scaled radial riblets and microsculpture of commarginal lamellae on and between primary ribs, auricles with tubercular radial ribs. Hinge line straight, byssal notch moderately deep, ctenolium well developed. Colour very variable, orange, red, purple to violet, white or creamy near umbo, maculated with streaks of darker or lighter colours, interior whitish with orange near margins. Type locality “Habitat in O. australiore & Indico”. Restricted herein to the Moluccas, Indonesia. Type material
Hanley (1855: 105) isolated one specimen, herein designated as the lectotype (Figs 2E, F, 3A, B), and three valves, all unmarked. The left valve is conspecific with Ostrea sanguinea, as Dance also correctly noted on his label. According to Hanley these specimens are from a metal box correctly labelled ‘‘pallium’’. Subsequently, I found in the unsorted material of the LSL collection another metal box marked in ink ‘‘sanguinea’’ with one right valve of O. pallium. It is possible, that these specimens were mixed; both could be treated as type specimens of different species.
In the general collection of the UUZM are two boxes, one with a specimen and a printed Swartz label ‘‘Pallium’’, and another with a right valve and also a Swartz label. Both specimens may have belonged to the MLU collection (see Wallin, 1993: 87, Ostrea pallium # 1052 and 1056). These two specimen were not isolated by Odhner (1953: 5). In the Gualtieri collection of the MSNP is one specimen, which is similar to Linnaeus’ reference (Gualtieri, 1742: pl. 74, fig. F). Other material LSL (not isolated by Hanley): a left valve without any marks. UUZM (general collection): four boxes each with a specimen and handwritten Thunberg labels ‘‘nodosa’’ and ‘‘Mus.Carol.XIII’’. Remarks Linnaeus (1758, 1764, 1767) referred to Rumphius’ figures B and C, of which B is correct and C incorrect [ = Ostrea squamosa Gmelin, det. Dijkstra]. Hanley (1855: 105) noted, that the figure C was erased in the revised copy of the ‘‘Systema’’. Plate 27 of Argenville is erroneous and should be plate 24. Otherwise all figures of Linnaeus’ references are clearly determinable. Current taxonomic position Ostrea pallium Linnaeus, 1758 is the type species of Gloripallium Iredale, 1939. Currently this genus is placed in the tribe Decatopectinini by Waller (1986: 40). The current taxonomic combination for the present species is Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus, 1758). Distribution This common species is widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific, and living between coral and coral rubble on sandy bottoms at subtidal to littoral depths.» DIJKSTRA, H. H. 1999. Type specimens of Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) described by Linnaeus (1758-1771). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125: 383-443. [p. 406, 407]
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Ostrea pallium Linnaeus, 1758; H. H. Dijkstra, 1999, Type specimens of Pectinidae described by Linnaeus, figures 2E, F (above); 3A, B (below).
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«Remarks:— One well preserved small right valve and two fragmental specimens were examined. The specimens are charactevized by its rather thiik shall with about 12, elevated, conspicuously and imbricately sealed radial ribs which are divided into two or three parts by shallow longitudinal furrows towards ventral margin, a few, fine, scaled intercalary threads, auricles with a few nodulose radial threads, distinct ctenolium and fine marginal serration in interior surface, and they are reasonably identical to Gloripallium pallium (LINNAEUS).
The present record may be the first from the geological formation. Dimensions (in mm):— Right valve, height 30.2, length 27.5, depth ca. 6.0. Occurrence:— Loc. 5 ( Few). Recent distribution:— Southeast Asia to Southern Japan (Kii Peninsula as north limit). Geologic range:— Pliocene to Recent.» SATO, Y., K. MASUDA & T. SHUTO. 1986. Pelecypod fauna of the Shimajiri Group in Miyako-jima, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Memoirs of the Faculty of Sience, Kyushu University, [Serie D - Geology], 26 (1): 1-49, pls. 1-5. [p. 23, 24]
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Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus, 1758); Y. Sato, K. Masuda & T. Shuto, 1986, Pelecypod fauna of the Shimajiri Group in Miyako-jima, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, plate 2, figure 4.
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«Gloripallium pallium is said to range from the Lower Miocene to Recent by EAMES & COX (1956, p. 18), who report the species from the Middle Miocene of Persia (op. cit., p. 18) and the Lower Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene of eastern Africa (ibid., p. 44). These records are documented by sample numbers. It is possible that Chlamys mombasana COX from the Pliocene of northern Mombasa, Kenya (COX, 1930, p. 123; plt. 14, figs. 15a, 15b), is a junior synonym of G. pallium, but this is conjecture pending examination of the type specimens.
In the U. S. National Museum, Gloripallium pallium was found by the author in a collection from the Yontan Limestone of Pleistocene age in Okinawa (U. S. Geological Survey localities 17510, 17613,17647, and 17659). In New Hebrides, Gloripallium pallium has been reported by HEDLEY (1905, p. 478) from within the Pliocene to Recent interval, the precise position not documented. ABRARD & LA RUE (1937, p. 1952) have also reported the species from the upper Neogene of the New Hebrides, again without specimen documentation. ABRARD (1946, p.25; plt. 2, fig. 1) also reported "Chlamys (Aequipecten) pallium var. speciosa" from the New Hebrides Neogene. According to LADD (1945, p. 338), the species has also been reported from the Miocene of the Philippine Islands, Java, Sumatra, and Northern Rhodesia. In Fiji, LADD (loc. cit.) reports documented specimens in the Futuna Limestone, possibly of later Early Miocene age. OSTERGAARD (1935, pp. 15, 51, 56) reports GloripalIium pallium from the upper Pleistocene of Tonga. A small fragment of the right posterior auricle and beak of a small specimen of Gloripallium pallium, USNM (P) 646505, is here recorded from the 877.5 to 883-foot level of Drill Hole 2A from Bikini Atoll (EMERY, TRACEY, & LADD, 1954, fig. 34). On the basis of associated mollusks and foraminifers, the age is considered to be late Miocene. Another fragment, identified by the author as Gloripallium sp. cf. G. pallium (USNM (P) 646506), was found in the collections of the U. S. Geological Survey from the 155 to 159-foot level of the Sand Island drill hole on Midway Atoll (LADD, TRACEY, & CROSS, 1970, p. 11) in sediments considered post-Miocene in age. Unlike the living specimens of G. pallium, which have 12 to 15 plicae, this fragment bears only 10. The species is not known to be living on Midway at present.» WALLER, T. R. 1972. The Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of Eniwetock Atoll, Marshall Islands. The Veliger, 14 (3): 221-264. [p. 241, 242]
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Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus, 1758); T. R. Waller, 1972, The Pectinidae of Eniwetock Atoll, plate 3, figures 45-56 (figures 51-56, holotype of Pecten speciosus Reeve, 1853).
Chlamys mombasana, n. sp.; L. R. Cox, 1930, Reports on Geological Collections from the Coastlands of Kenya Colony made by Miss M. McKinnon Wood, plate 14, figures 15a, 15b.
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«Specific characters:— Shell attaining fairly large dimensions, equivalve, usually somewhat inequilateral, with the length approximately equal to the height; both valves ornamented with 12-13 strongly convex costae, separated by equal or narrower interspaces; costae at first simple, subsequently becoming tripartite, the three divisions being subequal in width, very convex, and separated by deep furrows; coste ornamented with very salient, erect, regularly-spaced squamae; interspaces usually with two riblets, similarly squamose; ears large, each ornamented with 4-5 tuberculate costa; interior of shell with wide ribs which correspond to the external interspaces, and become tripartite towards the ventral margin; hinge-region with a fine striation perpendicular tothe margin; two pairs of cardinal crura, one of which may be inconspicuous, present in each valve; auricular crura undeveloped, except the left anterior, which is strong and tuberculiform
Distribution:— A widespread living Indo-Pacific species. Lower and Upper Miocene of Java. Lower Miocene of Sumatra, Neogene of the Philippine Islands, Pliocene of Zanzibar (see p. 75). Pemba locality:— 94. Material:— One specimen (L. 43825). Dimensions:— Length 29mm., height 30mm. Remarks:— This specimen differs from the normal form of the species in that its ribs, where they first divide, become bipartite rather than tripartite, and only one riblet occupies each interspace; probably, however, in a later stage of growth the normal surface ornament would develop.» COX, L. R. 1927. Neogene and Quaternary Mollusca from the Zanzibar Protectorate. In Anonymous (Eds.): Report on the Palaeontology of the Zanzibar Protectorate based mainly on the collection made by G. M. Stockley: 13-102, pls. 3-19. Published by Authority of the Government of Zanzibar. [p. 48]
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Chlamys (Aequipecten) pallium (Linné); L. R. Cox, 1927, Neogene and Quaternary Mollusca from the Zanzibar Protectorate, plate 3, figure 5.
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«PECTEN NOVAE-GUINEAE, Tenison-Woods.
The types of this species I have compared with authentic examples of P. pallium and I fail to find any distinguishing feature, not one amounting to individual variation. Tenison-Woods relied on the meagre development of the scales as a specific character for his new species. An examination of the two specimens on which the species was established reveals signs that they possessed scales on the ribs, which had evidently been worn down before fossilisation, whilst towards the front of all the ribs scales remain equal in strength to those of recent examples of the same size. There is no escape from the opinion that P. Novae-Guineae is simply a somewhat worn state of a typical P. pallium.»
TATE, R. 1894. Note on the Tertiary fossils from Hall Sound, New Guinea. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales [2nd Series], 9: 213 -214. [p. 214]
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«The Pecten pallium (Sow. Thes. Conch, vol. i. Pect. f. 167) of authors is preserved in the box marked for this species in the Linnean cabinet. In the revised copy of the 'Systema' the letter C has been erased from the reference to Rumphius, and the synonymy thus purified becomes correct. With such a figure as that of Regenfuss it would have been very improbable that the "Ducal mantle" should have escaped recognition: Argenville's drawing, however, is decidedly inaccurate, but his description establishes the correctness of the synonym. The 'Museum Ulricae' dwells more upon the peculiarities of the auricles than of the sculpture.»
HANLEY, S. C. T. 1855. Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia. The shells of Linnaeus, determined from his manuscripts and collection. Williams & Norgate. London. [p. 105, 106]
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Pecten pallium; G. B. Sowerby II, Thesaurus conchyliorum, Monograph of the genus Pecten, plate 18, figures 167, 168.
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