Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793
SCHREIBERS, K. 1793. Versuch einer vollständigen Conchylienkenntniß nach Linnes System. Zweyter Band. Von den Muscheln. 416 p. Wien. [p. 154]
1793 Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793
1793 Spondylus proboscideus Schreibers, 1793
1793 Spondylus ramosus Schreibers, 1793
1788 Spondylus aculeatus Schröter, 1788
1798 Spondylus marisrubri Röding, 1798
1844 Spondylus dentatus Chenu, 1844
1927 Spondylus savignyi Jousseaume in Lamy, 1927
1793 Spondylus proboscideus Schreibers, 1793
1793 Spondylus ramosus Schreibers, 1793
1788 Spondylus aculeatus Schröter, 1788
1798 Spondylus marisrubri Röding, 1798
1844 Spondylus dentatus Chenu, 1844
1927 Spondylus savignyi Jousseaume in Lamy, 1927
F. H. Martini & J. H. Chemnitz, 1769-1795, Neues systematisches Conchylien Cabinet, Band 7, plate 44.
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«Ab. c. Spondylus spinosus. Die sachlichte Lazarusklappe des rothen Meeres.
Martini Conchyl. Th. 7. tab. 44. Fig. 460.
Ist pfirschichblüthfarb, und hat große, breite, hohlziegelförmige, weiße Stacheln und einen gekerbten, äußeren Rand mit einer purpurrothen Einfassung.» KARL SCHREIBERS, 1793
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«TYPE LOCALITY Red Sea.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT. Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Indo-Pacific (Japan, Philippines, Mauritius, Solomon Islands, north Western Australia); attached to dead coral or debris in 3 m or more of water. A species frequently found within protected lagoonal environments, where it grows amongst delicate Acropora corals.
REMARKS. Some authors have considered Spondylus lamarcki Chenu, 1845 to be a variety of S. squamosus auct., non Schreibers, 1793 (= S. sinensis Schreibers, 1793) however, in S. lamarcki the interstitial areas are quite narrow and the shell more elongate. After examining numerous specimens we consider S. lamarcki to be a fonn of S. spinosus Schreibers. We have figured a wide variety of the species from the typical form with dark coloured base, white ribs and spines to the all-brown and long spined forms. Small specimens can bear long spines, but these erode as the shell grows, leaving the shell rather poorly sculptured in its adult state.»
LAMPRELL, K. L., J. STANISIC & P. CLARKSON. 2001. Spondylids from the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Spondylidae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 46 (2): 611-622, figs. 1-6. [p. 620]
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Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793; K. L. Lamprell, J. Stanisic & P. Clarkson, 2001, Spondylids from the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, fugures 6A-6J.
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«Description. — Shell height to 70 mm; elongate-ovate, equivalve. Sculpture of 6-16 strong principal ribs with numerous strong, moderately appressed spines of various lengths; interstices are wide, smooth, and have 1 or 2 minor ribs which bear smaller spines. Colour of interstices dark-brown with white ribs and spines; internally blue-white with deep purple crenulated margin, hinge brown. Area of attachment variable.
Habitat. — Attached to dead corals or debris.
Distribution. — Red Sea, Indo-Pacific (Japan, Philippines, Mauritius, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia). A Lessepsian migrant through the Suez Canal into the Mediterranean Sea.
Discussion. — Lamprell (1986) and Mienis et al. (1993) have shown that both Spondylus spinosus and Spondylus marisrubri were described from the same Chemnitz figure (pl. 44, fig. 460), with the Schreibers name having priority.
Mienis et al. (1993) examined a series of Spondylus from the Mediterranean coast off Israel, concluding that the species figured by Oliver (1992) as Spondylus cf. zonalis, Spondylus cf. linguafelis and Spondylus marisrubri were all S. spinosus Schreibers. They concluded that these were all conspicuous morphs of a single polymorphic species with rib counts (rows of spines) varying between 6 and 60. This would be unique among the spondylids which are usually reasonably constant in their rib number. Mienis et al. (1993: 85) considered “It is very unlikely if not impossible that three closely related species should migrate simultaneously from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea and, even more remarkably, should settle in exactly the same habitat at the same depth”. However, the present author has observed multiple Spondylus species attached to the same coral rock in examples from the Philippines (see pl. 5) and Palm Island, northern Queensland. Regarding the spread of multiple species, the taking on of rock or water ballast by shipping could re-establish colonies of several species in a new habitat. Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 is widely distributed through out the Indo-Pacific.» LAMPRELL, K. L. 1998. Recent Spondylus species from the Middle East and adjacent regions, with the description of two new species. Vita Marina, 45 (1-2): 4 1-60, pls. 1-5. [p. 44, 45]
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Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793; K. L. Lamprell, 1998, Recent Spondylus species from the Middle East and adjacent regions, with the description of two new species, plate 1, figures 5-7.
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