Argopecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758)
LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Sistema Naturae per Regna tria
Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus,
differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima,
Reformata, [iii], 824 p. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. Holmiae [Stockholm], 1758. [p. 698]
1758 Ostrea gibba Linnaeus, 1758
1791 Ostrea turgida Gmelin, 1791
1822 Pecten dislocatus Say, 1822
1925 Pecten (Chlamys) lyocymatus Dall, 1925
1952 Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus carolinensis Grau, 1952
1952 Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus portusregii Grau, 1952 [nomen novum pro Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus carolinensis Grau, 1952]
1964 Chlamys (Argopecten) gibbus antecessor Weisbord, 1964
1791 Ostrea turgida Gmelin, 1791
1822 Pecten dislocatus Say, 1822
1925 Pecten (Chlamys) lyocymatus Dall, 1925
1952 Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus carolinensis Grau, 1952
1952 Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus portusregii Grau, 1952 [nomen novum pro Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus carolinensis Grau, 1952]
1964 Chlamys (Argopecten) gibbus antecessor Weisbord, 1964
«Argopecten: In the many lots studied of Argopecten nucleus/gibbus from Florida throughout the West Indies, E. Panama, and Venezuela to Brazil, I was unable to establish clear criteria to separate nucleus from gibbus. Of course, there are large, yellow gibbus extremes with 19 ribs from Florida and small, well inflated nucleus extremes with 21 ribs; and chestnut speckled specimens also from Brazil. Redfern’s criteria smaller, more inflated with widely spaced commarginal interrib threads for nucleus compared to gibbus worked only in some specimens in many others not. As typical gibbus a Venezuelan specimen is depicted in Raines & Goto (2006 p. 305) where it should not occur according to their biogeographic map on the preceding page. This same Venezuelan form with 20-21 ribs was described as Argopecten imitatoides Macsotay et al., 2001, but specimens very close are also known from the Bahamas. Neither rib number, nor convexity, neither color, nor size, neither costae on the posterior ear, nor interrib space, or biogeography was reliable. Interestingly, Abbott (1974) stated for nucleus 1 or 2 ribs more than for gibbus, whereas Raines & Goto see up to 23 ribs in gibbus and obviously less in nucleus. Finally, the OD of Linnaeus and Born describe virtually the same species with 20 ribs and do not give any hint to separate. Unless solid genetic data would separate, only one highly variable species is recognized.
The form portusregii characterizes very flat specimens, typically found on the US SE. coast.» HUBER, M. 2010. Compendium of Bivalves. 901 pp. + 1 CD-ROM. ConchBooks. Hackenheim, Germany. [p. 625]
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Argopecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758); B. K. Raines & G. T. Poppe, 2006, A Conchological Iconography, The Family Pectinidae, plate 260, figures 1, 2, 4, 5 (off Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA), 3 (Margarita Island, Venezuela).
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«Description
Shell up to c. 60mm in height, solid, bulbous, valves almost equally convex, nearly orbicular, equivalve, equilateral, auricles slightly unequal in size, umbonal angle c. 95°. Both valves with 17–23, regularly arranged, smooth radial plicae, commarginal lamellae in interstices. Hinge line straight, byssal notch very weak, ctenolium absent in mature specimens. Colour variable, creamy, yellowish, orange, reddish, pinkish, purplish or brown, uniform coloured or mottled, right valve paler. Type locality U.S.A., Florida, off Marco Island, live, on sand flat, extreme low tide, November 1996. (ICZN, 1985, Article 75 f ) Type material H W 1. UUZM, neotype 49mm 51mm (spm) Hanley (1855: 111) isolated one unmarked specimen (a right valve) with some hesitation, and remarked that ‘‘Linnaeus has not included this species in the list of those possessed by himself ...’’ This specimen (LSL) is closer to Ostrea flabellum Gmelin, 1791, known from Mauritania and southwards to Angola. No specimens similar to O. gibba are traced by me in the LSL. The examined material in the general collection of the UUZM corresponds to Linnaeus’ descriptions. It is possible, however, that some or all of the specimens come from the MLU collection, but it cannot be proved. Linnaeus (1758, 1764, 1767) only referred to Browne (1756: pl. 40, fig. 10), but the figure is of uncertain identity and could represent two valid species, viz. Ostrea gibba Linnaeus, 1758, or Ostrea nucleus Born, 1778. However, the former species is not known from Jamaica (Waller pers. comm., 10 May 1997). For the nomenclatural stability (ICZN, 1985, Article 75a) of O. gibba, it is herein designated as the neotype (Fig. 6A–D)». DIJKSTRA, H. H. 1999. Type specimens of Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) described by Linnaeus (1758-1771). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125: 383-443. [p. 424]
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Ostrea gibba Linnaeus, 1758; H. H. Dijkstra, 1999, Type specimens of Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) described by Linnaeus (1758-1771), figures 6A-D.
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«Comparison. Argopecten gibbus differs from A. irradians in having a very slightly right-convex to left-convex, rather than distinctly right-convex, shell; dorsal margins of right valve that form a shallow V dorsal to the outer ligament; a shalower byssal notch commonly without ctenolium in mature individuals; and disk flanks that generally have less distinct costae. (See comparison of Argopecten nucleus.)
Stratigraphic range. Pleistocene, Holocene, and living. Geographic distribution and ecology. The present known distribution of Argopecten gibbus is thronghout the Gulf of Mexico and the western North Atlantic, from the northern side of the Antilles past southern Florida to Cape Hatteras. Recently, small populations of A. gibbus have been found as far north as off Delaware Bay (A. S. Merrill, pers. comm., 1965), and the author found three disarticulated valves of this species in grab samples taken by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries vessel Gosnold at the edge of the continental shelf off the New Jersey coast (Gosnold sample 1335, Bur. Commercial Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass.). Due to lack of discrirnination between A. gibbus, A. irradians concentricus, and A. nucleus, many previous records of. A. gibbus, particularly from the West Indies, are in doubt, and its precise southern limit is unknown. The known Pleistocene distribution of A. gibbus is from southern Florida to northern Virginia. Living A. gibbus is apparently restricted to warm, open marine waters from depths of 5 fathoms to 200 fathoms (data from dredge samples and station lists of the M/V Silver Bay, Bur. Commercial Fisheries, Brunswick, Ga., and from the labels of specimens in the Mus, Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.), To the author's knowledge, reports that A. gibbus occurs in semienclosed bays and sounds of Florida and the West Indies are incorrect, and museum specimens accompanied by such data are in fact either A. nucleus or A. irradians concentricus. However, juvenile A. gibbus have been found alive in a running salt-water tank pumping from Bogue Sound, North Carolina (H. J. Porter, pers. comm., 1965, Univ. N. C. Inst. Fisheries Research, Morehead City, N. C.; sample of 14 articulated shells in the U.S. Natl. Museum, USNN ( Z ) 637980) . Although the largest specimen is only 18 mm high, the specimens appear to be true A. gibbus and indicate that the larvae of this species may enter a bay-sound habitat and, under special conditions (in this case unnatural conditions), may settle and grow. The data on hand show bottom-water temperatures of samples collected from off northwestern Puerto Rico to off Cape Lookout, North Carolina, to range from 33ºC to 14ºC (station lists of M/V Silver Bay mentioned above). Wells, Wells, & Gray (1964) have recently considered the cornposition of the epifauna of A. gibbus from off Core Banks, North Carolina. Other aspects of the ecology of the species are apparently unknown or unpublished». WALLER, T. R. 1969. The evolution of Argopecten gibbus stock (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with Emphasis on the Tertiary and Quaternary Species of Eastern North America. The Paleontological Society. Memoir 3 [Journal of Paleontology, 43 (5, supplement)]: 125 pp. [p. 37]
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Argopecten gibbus (Linné); T. R Waller, 1969, The evolution of Argopecten gibbus stock, plate 8, figures 1-4.
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«Closely related but not specifically identical forms have been recovered from a few localities in the Miocene of Virginia and North Carolina. Pecten gibbus gibbus has not, however, been recorded from beds below the Pliocene. The distribution of the group is governed largely by temperature. In both the Tertiary and the Recent it is widely distributed and diversified in the Floridian and mid-American faunas. The waters in which the middle and late Tertiary deposits of Virginia and North Carolina were laid down were apparently too cold for its favorable development.
Distribution: North Carolina: Pliocene, Waccamaw formation, Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County; Wilmington, New Hanover County.
Outside distribution: Pliocene, Caloosahatchee marl, De Leon Springs, Volusia County, Fla.; Kissimmee well (at a depth of 150 feet), Osceola County, Fla.; Caloosahatchee River, Shell Creek, Alligator Creek, and Myakka River, Fla. Croatan sand, Slocums Creek and Mallisons, Craven County, N. C. Pliocene (?), Charlton formation, Orange Bluff, St. Marys River, and 3 miles southeast of Folkston, Nassau County, Fla. Pleistocene, Simmons Bluff, S. C.; Orient, Hillsborough County, Fla.; North Creek, Manatee County, Fla.; Kissimmee (at a depth of 96 feet), Osceola County, Fla.; and Torch Key,. Fla. Recent, Hatteras to Brazil in less than 50 fathoms; Hatteras down to and including west Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, the West Indies, and the Antilles, all in more than 50 fathoms.» GARDNER, J. 1943. Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina. Part 1. Pelecypoda. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 199-A: 1-178, pls. 1-23. [p. 31]
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Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus (Linnaeus) Dall; J. Gardner, 1943, Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina, plate 5, figure 3.
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