Spondylus Linnaeus, 1758
LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Sistema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata, [iii], 824 p. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. Holmiae [Stockholm], 1758. [p. 690]
Spondylus fimbriatus Goldfuss, cemented to the external side of Cladoceramus undulatoplicatus; A. V. Dhondt & I. Dieni, 1990, Unusual inoceramid-spondylid association from the Cretaceous Scaglia Rossa of Passo del Brocon (Trento, N. Italy) and its palaeoecological significance, plate 3, figures 1-6.
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«Gen. Spondylus LINNÉ, 1758
Type species: Spondylus gaederopus LINNÉ, 1758; SD, SCHMIDT, 1818, p. 61.
SOBETSKI (1977) used the genus Dianchora J. SOWERBY, 1815 for Cretaceous spondylids. COX in MOORE (1969, p. N378) had synonymised the two taxa, and explained that Dianchora is simply a Spondylus without its interior shell layer, and hence without its dentition. TAYLOR et al. (1969) gave the description of the shell structure of the Spondylidae, and CARTER (1972) demonstrated that, generally, during fossilisation in chalks, the aragonitic shell layer disappears and the internal characteristics, including the hinge, are no longer present. As explained by ABDEL-GAWAD (1986) these facts clearly make Dianchora synonymous with Spondylus (and therefore Dianchoridae SOBETSKI, 1977 synonymous with Spondylidae GRAY, 1826). We fully agree with this interpretation and would like to draw attention to the fact that the Scaglia specimens have also lost their aragonitic shell layer during fossilisation (PI. III, figs. 1-4, 5, 6).»
DHONDT, A. V. & I. DIENI. 1990. Unusual inoceramid-spondylid association from the Cretaceous Scaglia Rossa of Passo del Brocon (Trento, N. Italy) and its palaeoecological significance. Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, 42: 155-187, pls. 1-3, figs. 1-10. [p. 168, 169]
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Spondylus gumanomocon Brown and Pilsbry; H. E. Vokes & E. H. Vokes, 1992, Neogene paleontology in the northern Dominican Republic. 12. The genus Spondylus, plate 3, figures 1-4.
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«Genus SPONDYLUS Linnaeus, 1758
Spondylus Linnaeus. 1758, p. 690.
Type species. — Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758 (by subsequent designation, Schmidt, 1818); Recent, "M. Mediterraneo" (Linnaeus, 1758); and "in the eastem Atlantic from Morocco to Senegal, and in the Atlantic islands" (Dodge, 1952, p. 126).
Diagnosis.— Shell pectiniform but usually deformed as a result of fixation of the right valve umbonal area to the substrate; right valve generally larger and more inflated than the left, with a higher triangular cardinal area in which the internal ligament is lodged in a pit located between two stout crural teeth that, in the right valve, are immediately adjacent to the pit but, in the left valve, are outside of the sockets for the reception of those of the right valve; sculpture primarily radial, with ribs of primary, secondary, and tertiary size, the primary almost universally bearing strong pointed spines; smaller spines or pointed nodules often present on the secondary and tertiary radials; right valve may be concentrically foliaceous adjacent to attachment area.
Remarks. — Although Gaideropa Deshayes, 1832 is cited as an objective synonym of Spondylus Linnaeus, 1758 in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Hertlein and Cox, 1969, p. N378), when one examines the original reference of Deshayes (1832, p. 163)¹, it is obvious he was merely giving the vernacular name of the species Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758.»
¹ Deshayes says is [translated]; "GAIDEROPE. Gaideropa. We used to name thus, or we used to give the name of 'donkey's foot', which is synonymous, to a rather common shell, that the ancients placed in the spiny oysters, and which is placed today in the genus Spondyle, under the denomination of Spondylus gaderopus [sic]. See SPONDYLE."
VOKES, H. E. & E. H. VOKES. 1992. Neogene paleontology in the northern Dominican Republic. 12. The genus Spondylus (Bivalvia: Spondylidae). Bulletins of American Paleontology, 102: 5-13, pls. 1-3. [p. 8]
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