Pecten fumatus Reeve, 1852
REEVE, L. A. 1852-1853. Monograph of the genus Pecten. In: Conchologia Iconica, Or Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals , vol. 8. London [unnumbered pages], pls. 1-35. [pl. 7, fig. 32]
1819 Pecten medius Lamarck, 1819
1819 Pecten ziczac var. b Lamarck, 1819
1842 Pecten fuscus [Klein] G. B. Sowerby II, 1842
1844 Pecten lamarckii Chenu, 1844 [nomen novum pro Pecten ziczac var. b Lamarck, 1819]
1843 Pecten bifidus Menke, 1843
1852 Pecten fumatus Reeve, 1852
1852 Pecten modestus Reeve, 1852
1852 Pecten filosus Reeve, 1852
1865 Vola laticostata Angas, 1865
1887 Pecten fumatus var. albus Tate, 1887
1887 Pecten meridionalis Tate, 1887
1949 Notovola preissiana Iredale 1949
1855 Pecten jacobaeus byronensis Fleming, 1955
1819 Pecten ziczac var. b Lamarck, 1819
1842 Pecten fuscus [Klein] G. B. Sowerby II, 1842
1844 Pecten lamarckii Chenu, 1844 [nomen novum pro Pecten ziczac var. b Lamarck, 1819]
1843 Pecten bifidus Menke, 1843
1852 Pecten fumatus Reeve, 1852
1852 Pecten modestus Reeve, 1852
1852 Pecten filosus Reeve, 1852
1865 Vola laticostata Angas, 1865
1887 Pecten fumatus var. albus Tate, 1887
1887 Pecten meridionalis Tate, 1887
1949 Notovola preissiana Iredale 1949
1855 Pecten jacobaeus byronensis Fleming, 1955
L. A. Reeve, 1852, plate 7.
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«Pect. testa elongato-ovata, aeiquilaterali, inaequivalvi; valva sinistra concavo-plana, dextra subimmersa, costis duodecim angustis plano-elevatis, utrinque angulatis subdistantibus radiata; valva dextra valde convexa, costis latioribus, convexis, prope marginem plus minus evanidis; valva sinistra intense fumeo-purpurea, dextra livido-cinerea, prope umbonem purpureo-rufa; auriculis aequalibus, sinistrorsum inclinatis.
THE SMOKED PECTEN. Shell elongately ovate, equilateral, inequivalve; left valve concavely flattened, a little immersed in the right valve, rayed with twelve narrow flatly raised rather distant ribs angled on each side; right valve very convex, with the ribs broader, convex, and more or less fading near the margin; left valve deep smoky-purple, right valve livid-ash, purple-red near the umbo; ears equal, bent forward towards the left valve. Hab. Sydney, Australia. Distinguished by the flatly angled form of the left ribs, and peculiar dark smoky colouring.» LOVELL AUGUSTUS REEVE, 1852
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«Description. Shell (sub)circular, solid, up to c. 150 mm high and c. 170 mm in length, most specimens smaller; inequivalve, equilateral, left valve flat or slightly concave, right valve weakly inflated to strongly convex; auricles almost completely symmetrical; colour highly variable, right valve of most specimens paler than left. Pre-radial umbonal area of left valve smooth, c. 5 mm high.
Both valves sculptured with 15–18 simple radial plicae, with narrow plicae and broad interspaces on left valve, wide plicae and narrow interspaces on right valve. Plicae of right valve subdivided by a median groove in adult growth stage of many specimens, with flatter crests than on left valve. Commarginal microsculpture of closely spaced lamellae throughout, prominent on left valve, very weak or lacking on right valve except in radial interspaces. Internal rib carinae prominent. Dorsal margin straight. Byssal notch shallow, functional ctenolium lacking. Hinge teeth numerous, with prominent dorsal, resilial and intermediate teeth. Dimensions. Illustrated specimens: (A) “fumatus form”: QLD, off Wide Bay, 55 m (AM C.097594): rv: H 69.6, L 81.8 mm; lv: H 64.9, L 80.0 mm; D 23.5 mm; NSW, Sydney, Port Hacking, Gunnamatta Bay, ELWS (AM C.324414): rv: H 81.9, L 90.7 mm; lv: H 72.5, L 88.8 mm; D 33.4 mm; (B) “preissiana form”: WA, Shark Bay, prawn trawl (AM C.102334): rv: H 67.5, L 75.8 mm; lv: H 61.6, L 73.9 mm; D 25.8 mm; (C) “meridionalis form”: TAS, Maria Island, 2.5 miles N of Beaching Bay, 82.5–91.5 m (AM C.080194): rv: H 97.3, L 107.4 mm; lv: H 91.7, L 103.0 mm; D 27.7 mm.
Habitat. Living free (not byssally attached to substrates) in colonies on clean white sand (Western Australia) or on muddy sand with rubble (Tasmania), partially buried with the flat (left) valve at the sediment-water interface, in shallow waters to sublittoral depths. As this is an important commercial species, many studies have been carried out on its distribution and abundance, particularly in Tasmania (e.g., Fairbridge, 1953; Olsen, 1955; Hortle & Cropp, 1987; Perrin & Croombe, 1988; Mendo et al., 2014).
Distribution. Southern Queensland, New South Wales, Lord Howe Island, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia as far north as Onslow area. No records are known from the tropical region (northwestern, northern and northeastern) of Australia. Present specimens living in the intertidal zone to 130 m. Pecten fumatus is dredged commercially to a great extent in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania (Dredge et al., 2016, and references therein).
Remarks. For more than a century the taxonomic and nomenclatural position of Australian forms of Pecten sensu stricto was rather confusing. Recent genetic investigation by Woodburn (1990) and comparative taxonomic research and field observations imply that only one species inhabits the southeastern, southern and southwestern areas of Australia (see also Beu & Darragh, 2001: 184). These regions could be divided into several geographical morphs or population clusters, i.e.:
(a) Southeastern to southern Australia: typical (with generally simple, solid radial plicae on right valve; strongly inflated in southern Queensland and New South Wales, inflation decreasing fairly regularly southwards).
(b) Southwestern and Western Australia: WA morph (generally bifid radial plicae on right valve).
(c) Tasmanian morph (large form with narrow radial plicae and weakly inflated right valve).
Pecten raoulensis Powell, 1958 (Dijkstra & Marshall, 2008: 46, figs 37E–F, 38), from the Kermadec Islands, is closely similar to the present species, especially to the Queensland form (see Dijkstra & Marshall, 1997: 95; 2008, p. 46), but at present is accepted as a separate species. Specimens from depths greater than 50 m have sculpture that falls within the limits of variation of both P. novaezelandiae Reeve, 1853 and P. fumatus, whereas specimens from shallower depths more closely resemble P. fumatus, especially specimens from Queensland (Dijkstra & Marshall, 2008: 46). Woodburn (1990) indicated that P. fumatus and P. novaezelandiae are genetically distinct species. Pecten novaezelandiae was not differentiated from P. fumatus on the basis of the 16S ribosomal RNA mitochondrial gene by Saavedra & Peña (2004), but C. Saavedra (Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal, Castellón, Spain, pers. comm. to AGB, Dec. 2004) stated that his unpublished studies using the COI gene demonstrate that P. novaezelandiae and P. fumatus are distinct species; the difference is due to the slow evolutionary rate of the 16S gene. In other phylogenetic analyses, Pecten novaezelandiae and P. fumatus consistently have been found to be distinct species (e.g., Alejandrino et al., 2011: fig. 1; Mynhardt et al., 2014: fig. 3; Sherratt et al., 2016: fig. 2; Serb et al., 2017: fig. 2). Some consistent morphological differences are also observed. The lateral margins of the auricles of P. fumatus tend to slope outwards dorsally, whereas they are more nearly vertical in P. novaezelandiae. A significant proportion of specimens of P. novaezelandiae has weak to quite prominent, narrow radial grooves on plical crests, whereas almost all specimens of P. fumatus have smooth plical crests, apart from the consistent shallowly furrowed plicae of Western Australian specimens. Hinge teeth also tend to be more complex in P. fumatus, with better-developed intermediate teeth than in P. novaezelandiae. The colour of south-eastern Australian specimens of P. fumatus (the meridionalis form) also tends to be the opposite of P. novaezelandiae, in that the exterior tends to be very pale and the interior dark purplish or brownish in P. fumatus, whereas the exterior is often darkly coloured and the interior pale (usually whitish) in P. novaezelandiae. Dijkstra & Marshall (2008: 46) also pointed out that the margin of the left valve extends more strongly beyond the right valve and overhangs it further in P. fumatus than in P. novaezelandiae. The genetic relationships clearly need to be investigated more fully between P. fumatus, P. novaezelandiae and P. raoulensis. It is still possible that one species occupies the entire southern Australia–New Zealand–Kermadec Islands region.»
DIJKSTRA, H. H. & A. G. BEU. 2018. Living scallops of Australia and adjacent waters (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinoidea: Propeamussiidae, Cyclochlamydidae and Pectinidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 70 (2): 113-330, figs. 1-102. [p. 224, 225]
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Pecten fumatus Reeve; H. H. Dijkstra & A. G. Beu, 2018, Living scallops of australia and adjacent waters, figures 55B, 55D, 55E, 55G, 55H, 57A, 57B, 57F, 57G, 57I, 57J, 58A, 58D.
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«Remarks. The taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion that has reigned for more than a century over the correct name for the Australian Pecten species, and how many species there are, recently has been resolved by two very different lines of research:
(1) Woodbum (1990) demonstrated that there is insignificant genetic distinction between all the eastern Australian Pecten forms for them to be regarded even as geographic subspecies, and there is only slight distinction between the Western Australian population (modestus of most authors, = Notovola preissiana Iredale, 1949) and the eastern population. Since the publication of Woodbum’s paper, this slight distinction has been regarded by many malacologists (eg., J. H. Black, pers. comm.; W. F. Ponder, pers. comm.) as merely a function of the great geographic distance between Woodbum’s samples, as she had none from the southern coasts of South Australia or Western Australia. The frequently voiced opinion of many Australian malacologists that only one taxon in Pecten inhabits the southwestern, southern and southeastern coasts of Australia is now considered to be reasonably well proven. (2) Dijkstra (1995: 470-472), in reviewing Lamarck’s pectinid types, clarified the application of the long-debated name Pecten medius Lamarck. The lectotype, designated by Dijkstra (1995) from Lamarck’s material in MNHN, Paris [the designation by Fleming (1951: 129) being considered by Dijkstra (1995) to be invalid], is a specimen of the form named Pecten meridionalis by Tate (1887a). However, this name, like all others proposed for Australian Recent Pecten taxa before 1852, is preoccupied. The earliest available name for the single Australian species is P. fumatus Reeve, 1852. Dijkstra (1995) considered that the names P. fuscus G. B. Sowerby II, 1842, P. medius Lamarck, 1819 and P. modestus Reeve, 1852, all were preoccupied by Bose (1802). However, as was pointed out by Cox (1929), these are all secondary homonyms, as Bose was merely reassigning names proposed in Ostrea by Gmelin (1791). Nevertheless, this does not affect their current status, as all three were recognised as homonyms and either expressly replaced or had another available name used in their place well before 1961, and so are permanently invalid under ICZN Article 59.3. We therefore proceed with the assumption that there is only one Australian temperate Pecten species, P. fumatus Reeve. Our sole purpose here is to record the older fossils of P. fumatus. This highly distinctive genus, with the LV flat or slightly concave and the RV highly inflated, or bowl-shaped, is a reliable guide to Pleistocene and younger age in both. Australia and New Zealand. Australian records seem to extend back to about the Plio-Pleistocene boundary (c. 1.8 my), although it arrived significantly more recently in New Zealand, only a little more than one million years ago. The succession on the Glenelg River, western Victoria, in which the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in Australia was identified by Singleton et al. (1976) is condensed, and it is unclear whether the incoming of Pecten in this section is situated at the base of or somewhere within the Pleistocene. The critical succession for demonstrating the Early Pleistocene arrival of Pecten in southern Australia is therefore in the Perth Basin. Here, the ‘younger’ Ascot Formation, accessible only from water bores, lacks the younger Hartungia species, H. chavani (see ‘Biostratigraphy’, above) and contains both Mimachlamys heterophyseta sp. nov. and Zenatiopsis ultima Darragh & Kendrick, and appears to correlate with the Early Pleistocene Memana Formation of Flinders Island. Several small but excellent specimens of Pecten fumatus have been collected from ‘younger’ Ascot Formation, and it is this unit that provides the best stratigraphic constraints on the arrival of Pecten in southern Australia. Since the species is so well studied, most of the conventions used in the taxonomic sections above are irrelevant here; we merely list the early fossil Pecten material we have examined (most younger Pleistocene-Holocene fossils are not listed). Type material of the Recent nominal taxa listed in the synonymy was listed by Dijkstra (1995) and Dijkstra & Marshall (1997).» BEU, A. G. & T. A. DARRAGH. 2001. Revision of southern Australian Cenozoic fossil Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 113: 1-205. [p. 184, 185]
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Pecten fumatus Reeve, 1852; B. K. Raines & G. T. Poppe, 2006, A Conchological Iconography, The Family Pectinidae, plates 94, 95.
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«LAMARCK (1819: 163) described this taxon [Pecten medius Lamarck, 1819] as a species intermediate between Pecten maximus (Linnaeus, 1758), the former species (nº 1), and Pecten jacobaeus (Linnaeus, 1758), the following one (nº 3), without indicating the type locality. He referred to Chemnitz' figures 586, 587 and 589 with a questionmark. Chemnitz mentioned in his description that this species is a variety of P. maximus from the Red Sea, and collected by Forsskål (figs. 586 and 587) (ZMK). According to Chemnitz, fig. 589 is a P. jacobaeus.
The description of Lamarck was based on material from the MNHN (type series), indicated as "Mus. nº", without registration number. However, Rosalie de Lamarck's marginal annotations on Lamarck's personal copy of the sixth volume of "Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres", suggest that there could be also a "type specimen" in Lamarck's collection, as she noted one specimen. It is quite possible that this specimen was observed after the description of P. medius, because in the original text there is no indication of "Mon cabinet", generally mentioned by Lamarck, when a species is described from his own collection. Thus, it cannot be proved whether this specimen really belongs to the type series (ICZN art. 74a.v), and therefore it must be considered as erroneously designated as lectotype by Fleming (1951: 129). LAMARCK (1819: 164) described Pecten ziczac var. [b] with the locality "Nouvelle Hollande" [= Australia]. Both specimens observed are typical for the Shark Bay area (W. Australia) and similar to P. medius Lamarck. It is possible that Péron and his party, on board of the French corvette "Le Naturaliste", collected these specimens in March 1803, because the ship anchored there for several days (Cornell, 1974). Unfortunately neither accompanying labels nor notes of Péron are traced. DESHAYES (1836: 131) noticed that this variety is much like Pecten medius: "Nous avons vu cette variété dans la collection du Muséum et nous avons reconnu qu'elle n'appartenait pas au Pecten ziczac, mais au Pecten medius n° 2...." CHENU (1843) described this variety as a distinct species: Pecten lamarckii, from the Atlantic Ocean (error); however this name was already preoccupied by a fossil pectinid from Malta (Defrance, 1825: 260). The lectotype of P. medius Lamarck, herein selected, agrees to Tate's description of Pecten meridionalis (1887: 115) from Tasmania. The first paralectotype is also similar to the lectotype. The second paralectotype is a typical pectinid from the South Australian area, and also described by Tate (1887: 114) as Pecten fumatus var. albus (emend, for alba). It is quite possible that this material was also collected by the French expedition to Australia (1800-1804), because the corvettes anchored also in southwestern Australia and Tasmania (Cornell, 1974).» DIJKSTRA, H. H. 1994. Type specimens of recent species of Pectinidae described by Lamarck (1819), preserved in the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle of Geneva and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 101 (2): 465-532, pls. 1-30. [p. 470, 471]
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Pecten medius Lamarck, 1819. Lectotype MNHN; H. H. Dijkstra, 1994, Type specimens of recent species of Pectinidae described by Lamarck, plate 1, figures 1-3; figure 3, original label of Lamarck.
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