Patinopecten caurinus (Gould, 1850)
GOULD, A. A. 1850. [On the shells collected by the United States Exploring Expedition]. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3: 275-278, 309-312, 343-348. [p. 345]
1850 Pecten caurinus Gould, 1850
1855 Pecten heermanni Conrad, 1855
1856 Pecten meekii Conrad, 1856
1906 Pecten (Pecten) merriami Arnold, 1906
1855 Pecten heermanni Conrad, 1855
1856 Pecten meekii Conrad, 1856
1906 Pecten (Pecten) merriami Arnold, 1906
Pecten caurinus; A. A. Gould, 1852-1856, United States Exploring
Expedition, Mollusca and Shells Atlas, plate 42, figures 569, 569a, 569b.
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«PECTEN CAURINUS. T. trigono-orbicularis, haud crassa, inequivalvis, sub-equilateralis; valva superior convexiuscula, rubra, striis concentricis tenuibus insculpta, costis humilibus rotundatis vel interdum sub-duplicatis ad 20 ornatis: valva inferior convexa, alba, versus marginem rubricans, radiis ad 22 elevatis, quadratis, longitrorsum striatis; natibus rosaceis compressis; auribus transversis, sub-equalibus, radiatim striatis: intus lactea, rosaceo fimbriata. Long. 2¾; lat. 2¼; alt. 1 poll. Hab. Port Townsend, Admiralty Inlet, Oregon.
Of the size and aspect of P. maximus and Magellanicus. The lower valve has the ribs like P. Jacobaeus, only they are not furrowed.» AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD, 1850
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«Patinopecten caurinus (Gould, 1850). Weathervane scallop.
Pecten caurinus Gould 1850; P. heermannii Conrad 1855; P. meekii Conrad 1857; P. (Pecten) merriami R. Arnold 1906; P. oregonensis Howe 1922. Type locality: Port Townsend, Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington. Distribution: Amlia Island and Unalaska Island, north of Unimak Island, Aleutian Islands, throughout the Gulf of Alaska, to Point Sur, California; 10–200 m; common; commercially harvested.» DRUMM, D. T., K. P. MASLENIKOV, R. V. SYOC, J. W. ORR, R. R. LAUTH, D. E. STEVENSON & T. W. PIETSCH. 2016. An annotated checklist of the marine macroinvertebrates of Alaska. NOAA Professional Paper NMFS, 19: 1-289. [p. 142]
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«Patinopecten caurinus (Gould, 1850) (PI. 3, Figs. 5, 6) lives on the North American side of the North Pacific, occurring from the Gulf of Alaska (as far west as the Shumagin Islands) southward as far as Point Sur, California (Grau, 1959; Bernard, 1983; Moore, 1984). Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Jay, 1857) (PI. 3, Figs. 7, 8), the most closely related living species, lives on the Asian side in the Japan Sea (coasts of North Korea, northern Honshu, and Hokkaido) as well as the Pacific side of Japan north from 36° N into the Okhotsk Sea, southern Sakhalin (Ariva Bay and Terpeniya), and the southern Kurile Islands (Masuda, 1962; Skarlato, 1981). Both of these species are commercially exploited and are among the largest living scallops, attaining shell heights of more than 200 mm.
These species resemble one another in shape of disk and auricles, in having a left valve that is strongly overlapped by the right at the ventral margin, and in having similar patterns of hinge teeth and ribbing, the ribs lacking any trace of internal carinae. Both species have a fairly extensive prismatic stage, the height of this stage being on the order of 5 mm in Patinopecten caurinus and 3.5 mm in Mizuhopecten yessoensis. Masuda (1963, 1971a), however, was impressed with the differences between the species and the long persistence of these differences between species on opposite sides of the North Pacific since the early Miocene. Specifically, he noted that North American Patinopecten has a deep byssal notch, relatively small auricles, flattened ribs, and auricular crura with distal denticles, in contrast to Japanese Mizuhopecten, which has a shallow byssal notch, relatively large auricles, and rounded ribs and lacks auricular crura. In addition, the auricles of Mizuhopecten yessoensis bear costae, whereas those of Patinopecten caurinus generally do not, and the disk of M. yessoensis bears shagreen microsculpture, which is absent in extant members of P. caurinus. The presence of auricular crura with distal denticles in P. caurinus but not in M. yessoensis caused Masuda (1963) to conclude that Patinopecten must be a member of the subfamily Pectininae, because he believed that these morphological features were unique to this subfamily as represented by genera such as Pecten and Amusium. Mizhuhopecten and some related fossil genera occurring on the Asian side of the North Pacific and lacking auricular crura were placed by Masuda (1963) in a new subfamily, the Fortipectininae. My own interpretation of the relationships of these taxa differs substantially from that of Masuda (1963) and less so from the more recent analysis by Kafanov (1986). Auricular crura with or without denticles have evolved repeatedly in many clades of the Pectinacea and cannot be used as a uniquely derived character for separating the Japanese and North American taxa and for placing them in separate subfamilies. The sculpture of the early pre-radial stage of the left valve of these taxa consists of fine antimarginal striae, a condition that is present in both the Chlamys and Palliolum groups but which has been replaced by other types of early sculpture in other groups. The lack of internal carinae on the ribs in Mizuhopecten, Patinopecten, and related genera (see Masuda, 1963, and MacNeil, 1961) is also a primitive feature found in both the Chlamys and Palliolum groups but not in the Pecten group, where internal rib carinae are present. The hinge structure, in which the resilial teeth of the right valve persist even though the umbonal angle is broad, and the presence of shagreen micro sculpture suggest placement in the subfamily Chlamydinae, not the Pectininae, a conclusion also reached by Kafanov (1986). Masuda's subfamily Fortipectininae should probably be reduced to the status of a tribe within the Chlamydinae, and this tribe should include North American Patinopecten. The long separation between Patinopecten and Mizuhopecten documented by Masuda (1963) and Kafanov (1986) can still be recognized if these genera and their respective clusters of close relatives are placed in two subtribes, the Fortipectinidi Masuda, 1963, and the Patinopectinidi MacNeil, 1967 (emended by Kafanov, 1986). The tribe probably originated in the Oligocene (MacNeil, 1961; Masuda, 1963, 1971a; Kafanov, 1986).» WALLER,
T. R. 1991. Evolutionary relationships among commercial scallops
(Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinidae). In: Shumway S. E. (ed.), Scallops:
biology, ecology and aquaculture. Developments in Aquaculture and
Fisheries Science, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 21: 1-73, pls. 1-8. [p. 27, 28]
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Patinopecten caurinus (Gould, 1850); T. R. Waller, 1991, Evolutionary relationships among commercial scallops, plate 3, figures 5, 6
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«Comparison.— "The Japanese subspecies Pecten caurinus yessoensis (Jay) differs from P. caurinus in the following respects: right valve considerably more convex, auricles higher and longer, byssal notch much less pronounced * * *" (Grau, 1959, p. 147)
The marked consistent dichotomy of the right-valve ribs separates P. healeyi from P. caurinus. (Moore, 7979, p.7) Geographic range.— Living: Off Sand Point, Shumagin Islands, Alaska, to Point Sur, Calif.; fossil: northern to southern California. Geologic range.— Miocene through Holocene. Occurrence in California.— Miocene and Pliocene: Purisima Formation (Arnold, 1906); Pliocene: Lomita Marl Member, San Pedro Formation (Woodring, 1946), and Ohlson Ranch Formation (Peck, 1960); Pliocene and Pleistocene: Fernando (Arnold, 1906; Moody, 1916; Soper and Grant, 1932; Vedder, 1972), Merced (Arnold, 1906), and Pico (Grant and Gale, 1931) Formations, Rio Dell Formation, Wildcat Group (Faustman, 1964), San Pedro Sand (Woodring, 1946), Santa Barbara Formation (Waterfall, 1929); Pleistocene: Anchor Silt Member, San Pedro Formation (Rodda, 1957) and Timms Point Silt Member, San Pedro Formation (A. Clark, 1931; Woodring, 1946). Habitat.— Patinopecten caurinus lives at depths of 15 to 275 m and in British Columbia its maximum population density occurs at about 35 m on a mixed sand and mud bottom (F. R. Bernard, written commun., 1976). In more southern waters the greatest density is between 55 and 85 m (Fitch, 1953, p. 44). In the natural habitat the species has been observed lying in small depressions that are presumed to be a result of current scour around the shell. P. caurinus is byssally attached to a size of about 3 to 4 cm in shell diameter (F. R. Bernard, written commun., 1976) and has a ctenolium during its younger stage. The predators of P. caurinus are Octopus and the large sun star Pycnopodia; juveniles are attacked by crabs (F. R. Bernard, written commun., 1976). (Moore, 1979, p. 10-11)» MOORE, E. J. 1984. Tertiary Marine Pelecypods of California: Propeamussidae and Pectinidae. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1228-B: iv + B1-B112, figs. 1-2, pls. 1-42. [p. B84]
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Patinopecten caurinus (Gould); E. J. Moore, 1984, Tertiary Marine Pelecypods of California: Propeamussidae and Pectinidae, plate 38, figure 1; plate 39, figure 5.
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«Patinopecten caurinus is one of the widespread and characteristic species of the Timms Point silt (pl. 32, fig. 17, pl. 33, fig. 1). It occurs, however, in the Lomita marl at localities 62b (doubtfully identified fragments) and 67 (small imperfect valve) and in the San Pedro sand at locality 30 at Deadman Island (small valves). Though Arnold [63] did not mention material from the Palos Verdes sand in the systematic part of his memoir, he listed P. caurinus from his Crawfish George's locality. In his consolidated list on page 37 it is recorded from his lumber yard locality but is not included in the faunal list from that locality on page 27. All the largo specimens collected during the field work on which this report is based are broken, the large specimen shown on plate 32, figure 17, being selected from an old collection from the Timms Point silt at Deadman Island. None of the fossils are a large as large Recent shells from Alaska and Puget Sound. Young well-preserved valves show traces of camptonectes sculpture on the smooth umbonal part. At the present time this species ranges from Cordova, Alaska, to Point Reyes, central California. [64]»
[63] Arnold, Ralph, The paleontology and stratigraphy of the marine Pliocene and Pleistoceno of San Pedro, Calif.: California Acad. Sci. Mem., vol. 3, pp. 25, 37, 1905.
[64] Hertlein, L. G., Addition to the range of Pecten caurinus Gould: Nautilus, vol. 64, pp. 68-69,1940. WOODRING, W. P., M. N. BARMLETTE & W. S. KEW. 1946. Geology and Paleontology of Palos Verdes Hills, California. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 207: 1-145, pls. 28-37. [p. 81]
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Patinopecten caurinus (Gould); W. P. Woodring, M. N. Barmlette & W. S. Kew, 1946, Geology and Paleontology of Palos Verdes Hills, California, plate 32, figure 17; plate 33, figure 1.
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«Description.— Shell averaging about 150 millimeters in altitude, slightly longer than high, valves much compressed (the right generally slightly more convex than the left), equilateral, and with smooth margins; sides straight or only slightly concave above. Right valve with 20 to 25 strong, flat-topped, squarish ribs, which, in some well-preserved specimens, show faint obsolete radial striae; interspaces flat-bottomed and about equal in width to the ribs; whole surface of disk sculptured by fine incremental lines; hinge line less than one-half length of disk; anterior ear only very slightly longer than posterior, ornamented with fine, sharp, incremental lines, but generally having no radial sculpture whatever; byssal notch prominent; posterior ear rectangular behind, and with sculpture similar to anterior. Left valve slightly less ventricose than right, with narrow rounded ribs and wide concave-bottomed interspaces; surface ornamented by fine, regular, raised, wavy, concentric lines, and sometimes more or less tesselated; ears obliquely truncated and sculptured with sharp incremental lines and sometimes by obsolete radiating ridges.
Dimensions.— Alt. 105 mm.; long. 110 mm.; hinge line 48 mm.; diameter 15 mm. The measurements are for a specimen considerably under the average in size. This species has caused considerable confusion in the nomenclature of the West Coast. In 1855 Conrad described a couple of small right valves of P. caurinus and named the species ''Pecten Heermanni" The following is his original description and notes (see synonymy above): "Suborbicular, thin, compressed; ribs about 21, square, smooth; ears moderate in size. Locality, California. Doctor Heermann. Allied to P. eboreus of the Virginia Miocene, but very distinct; only two inferior valves were obtained; slightly convex." The type of P. Heermanni (so labeled in Conrad's own writing), and the other specimen referred to in the description are now in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, where they were examined and photographed by the writer. They are both right valves of young P. Caurinus and undoubtedly came from the unique bryozoan marl of Santa Barbara, both specimens showing the characteristic matrix and blue-gray color of specimens of P. caurinus from that locality. Some time after 1855 Conrad labeled a P. estrellanus and also some fragments of P. miguelensis in the National Museum with the name 'P. Heermanni." One of these latter specimens is referred to by Doctor Dall (see Dall, 1898 and 1901) as the type of P. Heermanni. This error of Conrad's caused Dall to apply the name ''Heermanni" to P. estrellanus. The type of P. Meekii Conrad is in the National Museum (No. 13333) and has been examined by the writer. It, also, is a P. caurinus from the bryozoan marl of Santa Barbara. The "San Raphael Hills," from whence the type of P. Meekii came, according to Conrad, are near Santa Barbara. P. Yessoensis Jay, from Amori, Rikonoken, Japan, differs from P. caurinus by having a more convex shell, wider, lower, more rounded ribs on the right valve, less prominent ribs on the left valve, and by having larger ears, which are truncated more nearly at right angles. P. caurinus ranges from the P. Pliocene upward. It has been reported from the Miocene by several authors, but so far none of these records have been authenticated. A Pecten having 19 ribs, and allied to, if not identical with, P. caurinus, was found in the lower Pliocene (?) sandstone at the mouth of the Raft River, Jefferson County, Wash. The ribs on the right valve of this specimen were narrower and those on the left valve were somewhat higher than those of a typical caurinus. Pecten caurinus is found abuntlantly in the lower Pliocene along Eel River, Humboldt County. Some of the specimens from this locality have as many as 25 ribs, and the ribs are, in some cases, higher and narrower than in the typical form. On Eel River above the mouth of Price Creek, Mr. J. S. Diller found P. caurinus associated with the following fauna: Astyris richthofeni, Callista subdiaphana, Chrysodomus n. sp., Kennerlia grandis, K. bicarinata, Macoma calcarea, Macoma (cf.) nasuta, Natica clausa, Panomya ampla, Pleurotoma perversa, Priene n. sp. (?) near oregonensis, Tapes staleyi, Thracia. trapezoides, Trophon near multicostatus, and Yoldia scissurata. This is a Pliocene fauna. From Switch Gulch to French Gulch, on the Eel River, P. caurinus is found with the following: Cardium meekianum, Natica clausa, Mactra (cf.) californica, Siliqua patula, Macoma calcarea, M. inquinata, Tapes staleyi, Tresus muttalli, Solen (cf.) sicarius, Pleurotoma perversa, Thracia trapezoides, Chrysodomus n. sp., Yoldia scissurata, Psephis (cf.) tantilla, Trophon near multicostatus, Scutella or Echinarachnius sp. indet. This is also a Pliocene fauna. A magnificent specimen of P. caurinus, measuring nearly 200 millimeters in altitude, was found by Dr. Stephen Bowers in the Pliocene near Santa Paula, Ventura County. The type of P. caurinus is in the U. S. National Museum, No. 5954. RANGE.
Living. Puget Sound (Carpenter).
Pleistocene. Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Cooper, Mrs. A. E. Bush, Arnold). Pliocene. Mouth of Raft River, Jefferson County, Washington (Arnold); above mouth of Price Creek, from Switch Gulch to French Gulch, and south of the middle of Rio Dell Bluff, Eel River (J. S. Diller); Eel River, Humboldt County (W. S. Monroe, A. C. Lawson); T. 1 N., Humboldt meridian, Humboldt County (J. M. Graham); Eagle Prairie, Humboldt County; San Fernando, Los Angeles County (Cooper); Santa Paula, Ventura County (Bowers, Watts); Santa Barbara; San Pedro (Arnold).» ARNOLD, R. 1906. The Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 47: 1-264, pls. 1-53. [p. 102, 103]
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Pecten (Patinopecten) caurinus Gould; R. Arnold, 1906, The Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California, plate 38, figures 1, 1a, 1b; plate 39, figures 1, 2.
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