Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758
LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Sistema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata, [iii], 824 p. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. Holmiae. [p. 690]
1758 Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758
1781 Spondylus mediterraneus Hermann, 1781
1793 Spondylus fulvus Schreibers, 1793
1802 Spondylus gaedaropus Bosc, 1802
1838 Spondylus contrarius Anton, 1838
1852 Spondylus subcostatus Orbigny, 1852
1854 Spondylus muricatus Millett, 1854
1875 Spondylus gaederopus var. inermis Monterosato, 1875
1875 Spondylus gaederopus var. aculeata Monterosato, 1875
1878 Spondylus gaederopus var. foliosa Monterosato, 1878
1878 Spondylus gaederopus var. albina Monterosato, 1878
1878 Spondylus gaederopus var. corallina Monterosato, 1878
1895 Spondylus gaederopus var. horrida Dautzenberg, 1895
1900 Spondylus gaederopus var. mixta Koch & Pallary in Pallary, 1900
1904 Spondylus gaederopus var. lamellosa Pallary, 1904
1904 Spondylus gaederopus var. spinosa Pallary, 1904
2001 Spondylus cevikeri Lamprell, Stanisic & Clarkson, 2001
1781 Spondylus mediterraneus Hermann, 1781
1793 Spondylus fulvus Schreibers, 1793
1802 Spondylus gaedaropus Bosc, 1802
1838 Spondylus contrarius Anton, 1838
1852 Spondylus subcostatus Orbigny, 1852
1854 Spondylus muricatus Millett, 1854
1875 Spondylus gaederopus var. inermis Monterosato, 1875
1875 Spondylus gaederopus var. aculeata Monterosato, 1875
1878 Spondylus gaederopus var. foliosa Monterosato, 1878
1878 Spondylus gaederopus var. albina Monterosato, 1878
1878 Spondylus gaederopus var. corallina Monterosato, 1878
1895 Spondylus gaederopus var. horrida Dautzenberg, 1895
1900 Spondylus gaederopus var. mixta Koch & Pallary in Pallary, 1900
1904 Spondylus gaederopus var. lamellosa Pallary, 1904
1904 Spondylus gaederopus var. spinosa Pallary, 1904
2001 Spondylus cevikeri Lamprell, Stanisic & Clarkson, 2001
Spondylus gaederopus, Linné. J. G. Hidalgo, 1870-1890, Moluscos marinos de España, Portugal y las Baleares, plate 5.
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«Gaederopus. 127. S. testa subaurita spinosa.
Bocc. observ. 1674. p... t. 304. Concha histricina. Rond. pisc. I. t. 40. Rumph. mus. t. 47. f. E. Bonann. recr. 2. t. 21, 23. Gualt. test. 100, 101. f. A, B. t. 99. f. E, F, G. Argenv. conch. t. 23. f. L. Klein. ostr. t. 9. f. 37. Kratz. Regenf. 16. t. 4. f. 48. Habitat in M. Mediterraneo, arcte adhaerens scopulis. Natium altera longior, hinc plana, ac si arte secta aut abrasa fuisset.» CAROLUS LINNAEUS, 1758
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«1758 Spondylus gaederopus LINNAEUS: 1136.
1791 Spondylus gaederopus, – GMELIN: 3296. 1816 Lamarck: pl. 190, fig. 1 a–b (figure only). 1819 Spondylus gaederopus, – LAMARCK: 188, sp. n° 1. 1843–45 Spondylus gaederopus, – CHENU: 3 (1845), pl. 1 figs 1 to 4 (December 7 1843), pl. 2 figs 1 to 5 (December 7 1843). 1938 Spondylus gaederopus, – LAMY: 183. Type locality: “in M. Mediterraneo”.
Material in MHNG: Lamarck collection: 3 specimens, all with “Méditerranée” as locality on the the labels. MHNG 1088/85, figured by CHENU, pl. 1 fig. 1–1 a. MHNG 1088/86, an odd valve, not figured. MHNG 1088/90, an odd valve, figured by CHENU, pl. 2 fig. 5. — Delessert collection: 15 lots totalling 21 specimens, all with “Méditerranée” as locality on the labels. Material figured: MHNG 31256, 1 specimen, figured by CHENU, pl. 1 fig. 2; MHNG 31257, 1 specimen, figured by CHENU, pl. 2 fig. 2; MHNG 31258, 1 specimen, figured by CHENU, pl. 1 fig. 3; MHNG 31260, 1 specimen, figured by CHENU, pl. 1 fig. 4. Material not figured: MHNG 31255 (1 odd valve), MHNG 31259 (1 specimen), MHNG 31261 (4 specimens), MHNG 31262 (1 spm), MHNG 31263 (1 spm), MHNG 31264 (1 spm), MHNG 31265 (1 spm), MHNG 31266 (1 spm), MHNG 31267 (1 spm), MHNG 31268 (2 spms), MHNG 31345 (3 spms).
Remarks: In the original volumes of Anim. Sans Vert., an annotation by Rosalie de LAMARCK states that there were 4 specimens in her father’s collection, but of course they have no type status. The Lamarck collection currently contains 3 specimens (see above).
Current taxonomic position: Valid species.»
FINET, Y. & K. L. LAMPRELL. 2008. The Spondylidae in the historical collections of the Muséum d'Histoire naturelle, Geneva, with revision of the species described by Lamarck and by Chenu, and notes on nomenclature (Bivalvia: Pectinoidea: Spondylidae). Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 137(1): 1-73, pls. 1-30. [p. 7, 8]
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Spondylus gaederopus. Lamk.; J. G. Bruguière, J. B. Lamarck & J. B. Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1791-1827, Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature, plate 190, figures 1a, 1b.
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«1758, Systema naturae, ed. 10, p. 690, no. 127.
1767, Systema naturae, ed. 12, p. 1136, no. 151. LOCALITY: "In M. Mediterraneo, arcte adhaerens scopulis" (1758, 1767). "S. testa subaurita spinosa.... Natum altera longior, hinc plana, ac si arte secta aut abrasa fuisset." The short description of this species is identical in the 1758 and 1767 editions. The locality is the same, and the numerous references in the earlier edition are repeated in the latter with a few corrections of plate or figure and with the addition of a series of 14 drawings from Seba. In all, 28 figures from nine authors are cited in the twelfth edition, making the species one of the most amply supplied with references of any of the Linnaean shells. Unfortunately, this gallery of figures shows a great number of different Spondylus. The description, although perfectly clear as far as it goes, is so short and generalized that it could almost be taken for a generic definition. Thus, based on the published diagnosis alone, gaederopus must be considered a composite species and therefore specifically undefined. There is, however, a specimen of the common gaederopus of the Mediterranean in the collection, which, although unidentified with name or number, can safely be taken as the Linnaean type specimen. Not only does it agree perfectly with the few details of the description but was one of the only two Spondylus present, the other being the easily distinguishable S. plicatus Linné. This is perhaps not an identification that is supported by the most satisfactory sort of evidence, but we may rest assured that Linnaeus was in fact describing the gaederopus of the Mediterranean Sea, and this determination has been accepted since the earliest times. Several names have been applied to color and sculptural forms, none of which are specifically separable. Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus (1882-1898, vol. 2, p. 48) list a number of these names as varieties, but it is best to suppress them. Hanley (1855, p. 82), realizing that the description and the references left the species undefined, followed the lead of his predecessors and based the identification squarely upon the Mediterranean locality. The species was so well known in Linnaeus' day that the locality must have had great weight. It was not necessary, however, to stress the locality in this case, as the existence of the specimen in the collection was a much more authoritative piece of evidence. The present species is the type of the genus Spondylus Linn., by subsequent designation, Children, 1827. It is found not only throughout the Mediterranean, but in the eastern Atlantic from Morocco to Senegal, and in the Atlantic islands. Pallary (1938, p. 48) reports a very large race from the Syrian coast. Figured in Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus (1882-1898, vol. 2, atlas, pl. 10, figs. 1-5, fig. 5 representing the young of var. aculeata). The Reeve figure (1843-1878, vol. 8, Spondylus, pl. 3, sp. 13) is of a shell with spines of an exaggerated length, more resembling S. regius than S. gaederopus.» DODGE, H. 1952. A historical review of the mollusks of Linnaeus. Part I. The classes Loricata and Pelecypods. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 100 (1): 1-263. [p. 126]
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Spondylus gaederopus Linné; E. Bucquoy, P. Dautzenberg & G. Dollfus,1887-1898, Les mollusques marins du Rousillon, Tome II, Pélécypodes, plate 10, figures 1-4, 5 (var. aculeata).
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