Spondylus nicobaricus Schreibers, 1793
SCHREIBERS, K. 1793. Versuch einer vollständigen Conchylienkenntniß nach Linnes System. Zweyter Band. Von den Muscheln. 416 p. Wien [p. 156]
1793 Spondylus nicobaricus Schreibers, 1793
1793 Spondylus maculatus Schreibers, 1793
1793 Spondylus pseudochama Schreibers, 1793
1798 Spondylus hystrix Röding, 1798
1819 Spondylus radians Lamarck, 1819
1833 Spondylus aculeatus Broderip, 1833
1844 Spondylus lima Chenu, 1844
1844 Spondylus gracilis Chenu, 1844
1847 Spondylus ciliatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1847
1915 Spondylus igneus Fulton, 1915
1938 Spondylus serratissimus Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
1939 Spondylus percea Iredale, 1939
1939 Spondylus parocellatus Iredale, 1939
1939 Spondylus lindea Iredale, 1939
1793 Spondylus maculatus Schreibers, 1793
1793 Spondylus pseudochama Schreibers, 1793
1798 Spondylus hystrix Röding, 1798
1819 Spondylus radians Lamarck, 1819
1833 Spondylus aculeatus Broderip, 1833
1844 Spondylus lima Chenu, 1844
1844 Spondylus gracilis Chenu, 1844
1847 Spondylus ciliatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1847
1915 Spondylus igneus Fulton, 1915
1938 Spondylus serratissimus Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
1939 Spondylus percea Iredale, 1939
1939 Spondylus parocellatus Iredale, 1939
1939 Spondylus lindea Iredale, 1939
F. H. Martini & J. H. Chemnitz, 1769-1795, Neues systematisches Conchylien Cabinet, Band 7, plate 45.
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«Ab. k. Spondylus nicobaricus, Der nicobarische Spondylus mit sehr feinen Stacheln.
Martini Conchyl. Th. 7. tab. 45. Fig. 469.
Dieser Spondylus ist klein, und aufbeyden Schalen mit vielen kleinen Dornen besetzt, die so fein wie Nadelspitzen sind. Die Unterseite ist sehr vertieft, und die Oberseite gleicht gleichsam einem Deckel. Man sieht auf aschfarbigem Grunde einige braunröthliche Flecken.» KARL SCHREIBERS, 1793
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«DISTRIBUTION. — Indo-West Pacific (LAMPRELL, 1987): Comores, Mauritius, Madagascar, South Africa (LAMPRELL & KILBURN, 1995), Queensland, the Philippines, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and Hawaii. Usually attached to the underside of live corals or rock, in New Caledonia from intertidal to 54 m.
DESCRIPTION. — Shell height to 75 mm; ovate to pear-shaped; cardinal area small. Sculpture of numerous, obscure radial ribs, densely ornamented with short, sharp or slightly flattened spines; interstices usually smooth but some specimens have rows of minute spines. Colour variable, usually white with black spotting umbonally and in the interstices, others with purple red rays over most of their surface, others all white; internally white, with a black and white variegated margin, brown at the hinge.
REMARKS. — Spondylus nicobaricus is extremely variable in sculpture and colour. West Pacific specimens may be all-white, white with dark spotting at the umbo or white with radial purple-red rays (the latter = form radians). Young specimens usually have long, thin, slightly recurved spines, with some similar but slightly shorter spines in the interstitial areas. The specimens obtained during the ORSTOM/MNHN survey are typical of the species.
The names Spondylus nicobaricus and S. pseudochama have been established simultaneously by SCHREIBERS (1793). As First Revisers (Code, Art. 24), we select nicobaricus as the valid name and give it precedence over pseudochama.» LAMPRELL, K. L. & HEALY, J. M. 2001. Spondylidae (Bivalvia) from New Caledonia and adjacent waters. Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 185: 111-163 (In: Bouchet, P. & Marshall, B.A. Eds., Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 22). [p. 143]
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Spondylus nicobaricus Schreibers, 1793; K. L. Lamprell & J. M. Healy, 2001, Spondylidae from New Caledonia and adjacent waters, figure 10A.
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«Description of lectotype of Spondylus nicobaricus Schreibers, 1793. - Length 24.9 mm, width 24.4 mm, depth of paired valves 11.5 mm. Valves approximately equal, auricles moderately narrow. Sculpture of numerous ribs, interstices smooth with some remote spitting. Spines on principal ribs numerous, strong, slightly depressed ventrally. Hinge typical for genus. Inner margin strongly, evenly, widely crenulated. Colour externally white with blood-red and black spotting in interstices extending down the full length of the interstices, becoming obsolete towards the margin in some interstices. Internally, glossy white. Shell fixed to approximately half area of the lower valve.
Type locality: Nicobar Islands. Discussion. - Both S. nicobaricus and S. pseudochama were published in the same work and acting as First Reviser (I.C.Z.N., 1999, Article 24.2), we herein select the well known name S. nicobaricus to take precedence.
S. nicobaricus Schreibers is very widely distributed in the tropical Indo-West Pacific: recorded from Mozambique, South Africa, Red Sea to Japan, northwestern Australia, north Queensland and from one valve from the Mediterranean. It can be often found living on the underside of dead coral pieces in the lower littoral zone. S. nicobaricus is the most common member o f the genus throughout its range. It is extremely variable in sculpture and colouration: usually white with dark spotting at the umbo; white with radial purple-red rays (= form radians); all white or deep purple-red (= form igneus); with white umbonal area and purplered spotting. While the ribs are usually ornamented with dense, short spines, younger specimens often have very long, thin, slightly recurved spines.» LAMPRELL, K. L. & H. DEKKER. 2001. Rectification of nomenclature and notes on species of Spondylus Linnaeus (Bivalvia: Pectinoidea: Spondylidae) from the Indo-Pacific. Vita Marina, 47 (4): 131-137, pls. 1, 2, text-fig. 1. [p. 133]
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Spondylus nicobaricus Schreibers, 1793. Lectotype herein selected, figured by Chemnitz (1784: fig. 469); K. L. Lamprell & H. Dekker, 2001, Rectification of nomenclature and notes on species of Spondylus Linnaeus from the Indo-Pacific, plate 1, figures 5-8.
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«Discussion. — Oliver (1992: 80) places Spondylus castus Reeve, 1856 in the synonymy of Spondylus hystrix [= S. nicobaricus]. S. castus differs from S. nicobaricus by the sparser and much longer, straggling, depressed spines which in S. nicobaricus are short, regular and dense.
Lamy (1927: 264) recorded S. castus from Djibouti while Lamy (1938b: 10) records the species from Jubal (Gulf of Suez). However there have been no recent records of this species occurring in these localities and, until such times as these are available, these records should be treated as missidentifications of S. nicobaricus. For a colour photograph of S. castus see Lamprell, 1986: pl. 6 fig. 3.» LAMPRELL, K. L. 1998. Recent Spondylus species from the Middle East and adjacent regions, with the description of two new species. Vita Marina, 45 (1-2): 4 1-60, pls. 1-5. [p. 55]
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