Neithea quinquecostata (J. Sowerby, 1814)
SOWERBY, J. & J. DE C. SOWERBY. 1812-1846. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain; or coloured figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells. 7 vols., pls. 1-648 (and 2 bis). London [vol. 1, p. 122, pl. 56, figs. 4-8]
1814 Pecten quinquecostata J. Sowerby, 1814
1842 Pecten versicostatus var. (a) Matheron, 1842
1850 Janira mortoni Orbigny, 1850
1940 Pecten (Neithea) checchiai Maxia, 1940
1842 Pecten versicostatus var. (a) Matheron, 1842
1850 Janira mortoni Orbigny, 1850
1940 Pecten (Neithea) checchiai Maxia, 1940
J. Sowerby & J. de C. Sowerby, 1812-1846, The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain, plate 56.
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«SPEC. CHAR. Subtriangular. rather oblique, front semicircular, toothed; convex valves gibbous, ribbed, principal costae six, with four lesses ones between each: surface finely transversely striated. Upper valve flat-toothed.
The obliquity of this shell is slight, the length not much greater than the width; the lines of growth frequently being deep and crossed by the ribs give the shell a fringed or furbellowed aspect: the flat valve has diverging striae and notches corresponding in number with the costae upon the hollow valve. The whole surface is covered with minute transverse striae, which in the chalk specimens are often nearly obliterated. Figs. 4 and 5 are from the Sussex Chalk near Lewes, by favour of G. A. Mantell, Esq. they very much accord with those of the green sand from Wiltshire, figured below, but appear to be longer, and to have the transverse striae of growth very remarkable. The shell represented at fig. 5 is a curiosity, showing the inner side of the flat valve, which is slightly convex within. I gathered the small shell, fig. 6, at Chute Farm, it is a young deep undervalve, with the transverse striae of growth neatly arching between the larger six costae. Figs. 7 and 8 show the upper and under valves of different specimens, they are from the green sand at Chute, and are chiefly siliceous; for the use of one I am indebted to Thomas Meade, Esq. Such are .said to be found at Devizes and Blackdown, with the upper valve. It is possible that these are different species from those in the Chalk, the costae are less prominent, and the striae more distinct; at present, however, I can consider them only as varieties.
Tabl. 56, fig. 3 represents a specimen in ferruginous sandstone from Chute, which may possibly prove to be a distinct species. Its length exceeds its breadth by one-fifth, and on the sides of the larger costae are two lesser ones, which are partly blended with them; the surface is nearly smooth. 1 have only seen this specimen.» JAMES SOWERBY, 1814
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«Description. Medium-sized to large shell with six principal ribs and 3 -6 (generally four) intercalary ribs; frequently shows numerous concentric growth lines. Its equal auricles are small and do not protrude far past the umbo. There are numerous equal radial riblets (filae), which also occur on the areas. Right valve moderately convex with slightly incurved umbo; left valve flattened and never concave; number and strength of intercalary ribs variable.
Remarks. This is the commonest pectinid in the British Cretaceous. It can be distinguished from other Chalk species by its relatively finer ribbing and its small auricles, which are set well back from the umbo.
Occurrence. Barremian-Campanian; widespread throughout southern England.»
CLEEVELY, R. J. & N. J. MORRIS. 2002. Introduction to molluscs and bivalves. In A. B. Smith & D. J. Batten (Eds.): Fossils of the Chalk, 99-160. The Paleontological Association. London. [p. 127]
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Neithea (Neithea) quinquecostata (J. Sowerby); R. J. Cleevely & N. J. Morris, 2002, Introduction to molluscs and bivalves, plate 21, figure 10.
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«Remarks.— This medium to large-size Neithea is characterized by having six primary radial ribs between which are usually four intercalary ribs, by having small auricles, and by having numerous riblets on both the areas and auricles. Many of the specimens from the Anacacho Limestone typically have right valves with the two center intercalary ribs more strongly developed than the outer two (Figures 3.11, 3.12); a trait that is typical of N. (N.) quinquecostata.
Neithea (N.) quinquecostata has a global distribution and has been reported throughout the Cretaceous, but it is most commonly known from rocks of Late Cretaceous age (Dhondt, 1973). Weller (1907) illustrates this species from Campanian strata of New Jersey, and it apparently occurs elsewhere in Campanian strata of the Atlantic Coast region. On the Gulf coastal plain, Pecten aff. P. quinquecostata illustrated by Stephenson (1926, pl. 92, fig. 11) and Pecten quinquecostata of Wade (1926, pl. 21, figs. 1-5) from the Ripley Formation of Alabama and Tennessee, respectively, are probably not this species. However, Neithea casteeli Kniker (1918, pl. 10, figs. 7-11) from the Austin Group appears to be synonymous with N. (N.) quinquecostata.» ELDER, W. P. 1996. Bivalves and gastropods from the Middle Campanian Anacacho Limestone, south central Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 70 (2): 247-271, figs. 1-8. [p. 254]
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Neithea (Neithea) quinquecostata (J. Sowerby); W. P. Elder, 1996, Bivalves and gastropods from the Middle Campanian Anacacho Limestone, south central Texas, figures 3.11-3.16.
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«Material: Five right valves (B50, B52, B62, B64, B65) from Pinei, Lago di S. Croce.
The values for B' have not been included because precise measuring is impossible since the commissure planes cannot always be correctly defined because matrix often partially covers the valves.
Discussion: The material from Pinei, though not well preserved, shows the typical shape and ornamentation of Neithea (N.) quinquecostata as described and discussed in Dhondt (1973b).
Parona (1928) described a "Senonian" fauna from the Karakoram range; the Neithea specimen which he identified as quinquecostata (IGF 3432E) is a typical N. (N.) regularis (Schlotheim, 1813) with three equal secondary ribs between the more prominent primary ribs. This latter species is known from Turonian to uppermost Maastrichtian; it has a very wide geographical distribution and is generally found in temperate water deposits. Distribution: Barremian to latest Maastrichtian, worldwide.»
DHONDT, A. V. & I. DIENI. 1993. Non-rudistid bivalves from Late Cretaceous rudist limestones of NE Italy (Col di Schiosi and Lago di S. Croce areas). Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, 43: 165-241, pls. 1-20, text-figs. 1-18. [p. 194, 196]
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Neithea (Neithea) quinquecostata (J. Sowerby, 1814).; A. Dhondt & I. Dieni, 1993, Non-rudistid bivalves from Late Cretaceous rudist limestones of NE Italy (Col di Schiosi and Lago di S. Croce areas), plate 5, figures 1-3.
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«Synonymy. — It is generally accepted, particularly by D'ORBIGNY and by H. WOODS that Pecten versicostatus LAMARCK, 1819 (p. 181) is a synonym of N. quinquecostata (SOWERBY). The definition by LAMARCK (*) applies to all Neithea-species with prominent principal ribs.
The figure in the Encyclopédie méthodique, which concords fully with the figures given by FAVRE, 1918 (Conchifères monomyaires fossiles II, figs. 26, a, b, c), of the LAMARCK type kept in Geneva, and which I studied, is not a N. quinquecostata. It is a N. coquandi (PÉRON) [not a N. quadricostata (SOWERBY) = N. gibbosa (PULTENEY) as suggested by FAVRE, because the auricles are subequal and small] because of its general shape and rib arrangement. Also after seeing the specimen I consider it very unlikely that it should have come from Le Mans: in general aspect and colour it definitely looks like North African specimens. There is no reason from this specimen to assimilate Pecten versicostatus LAMARCK with N. quinquecostata. If the collection of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris could reveal some more original LAMARCK specimens then perhaps it could be understood how D'ORBIGNY came to this strange assimilation. F. STOLICZKA, 1871 ascertained that the species cannot be separated for purely stratigraphical reasons as D'ORBIGNY tried to prove. However he went too far in his assimilation of species. Even though it is true that many individuals of N. gibbosa (PULTENEY) (mentioned by STOLICZKA sub N. quadricostata) have 4 intercalary ribs in the most anterior and posterior intervals, there remain other differences between N. gibbosa and N. quinquecostata. With F. STOLICZKA's way of thinking only one Neithea-species would have occurred in the Upper-Cretaccous. The individuals figured by F. STOLICZKA seem to belong to different species, as far as can be decided on figures alone: plate 31 , figures 1, 1 a, 1 b from Moraviatoor belongs probably to N. quinquecostata (SOWERBY); plate 31, figures 2 and 3 from the same locality are extremely difficult to determine: the areas appear to be smooth and thus it may be N. syriaca (CONRAD) or N. coquandi (PERON) but no decision can be reached because it is impossible to count the intercalary ribs; plate 31, figures 4 and 6 from Odium belong probably to N. regularis (SCHLOTHEIM), but the state of preservation is not very good; plate 31 , figure 5 from Ariyalur could be a N. quinquecostata. but then a very young individual, or otherwise it could be a N. sexcostata (WOODWARD) though for this the auricles are slightly over size; plate 37, figure 4 from Ariyalur belongs very probably to N. quinquecostata; plate 37, figures 5, 7 and 9 from Comaropolliam could be either N. regularis (SCHLOTHEIM) or N. coquandi (PERON); plate 37 , figure 6 from Odium has the general shape of N. syriaca (CONRAD) but on figure 6 a areal riblets are shown; plate 37 , figure 8 from the vicinity of Andoor probably belongs to N. gibbosa (PULTENEY). E. BAYLE, 1878 figured an almost perfect individual of N. quinquecostata from the Cenomanian in Rouen. L. LEHNER, 1937 considers, in the same way as F. STOLICZKA, that the species with 3 and 4 intercalary ribs are not different species at all. He gives them the name N. regularis (SCHLOTHEIM). In LEHNER's case the confusion is understandable; the material which he studied is very poorly preserved; areas and auricles which are the good differential characteristics between the different species here considered, are rarely recognizable and most specimens are nothing but Steinkernen. C. MAXIA based N. checchiai on an incomplete, crushed right valve; the figure does not show any characteristic which allows a separation from N. quinquecostata. The arguments pronounced by C. MAXIA to support this separation appear to me unconvincing. I cannot distinguish N. (N.) nipponica HAYAMI, 1965 from N. quinquecostata on the basis of the description and figures. According to HAYAMI (p. 297) the differences are the following: "— umbo of the right valve is slightly narrower; — umbonal area of the left valve is less concave; — shell convexity is distinctly weaker in N. niponica (sic) than in N. quinquecostata." The umbo of the right valve is by definition subject to variation; if it appears somewhat narrower on N. nipponica this could, however, also be explained by the fact that the Japanese specimens are rather smaller and, on Pectinidae, the umbo is wider on larger (older) valves than on smaller (younger) ones. Umbonal area of the left valve: N. quinquecostata is characterized by a completely flattened left valve, so it seems pointless to talk of "less concave" since it is never concave. Shell convexity : plate 40 , figure 1 represents the holotype of N. nipponica; it has to be admitted that this specimen is not very convex; the figures of the other specimens (pl. 40 , figs. 5 and 6, pl. 52, figs. 1 and 2) are normaly convex individuals; the weaker convexity of the holotype could be explained by its much larger size: larger (older) specimens usually grow less convex than smaller (younger) ones. Differentiation. — N. quinquecostata is characterized by principal intervals with 4 intercalary ribs, by areas and auricles which are covered with equal radial striae (filae), by a moderately convex right valve and a flattened left valve; the auricles are small and do not jut out far beyond the umbo.
N. regularis (SCHLOTHEIM) differs by the number of intercalary ribs; when those are irregularly distributed, and a doubt exists, one may investigate the areas: in N. regularis they are only partly covered by areal lines and the auricles are smooth. One could never describe the areal ornamentation of N. regularis as riblets: it is not salient enough. N. striatocostata (GOLDFUSS) differs by the less regular intercalaries: those specimens which have 4 intercalaries, are such that the 2 intercalaries nearest to the principal ribs lie on the sides of those principals, instead of lying in the principal intercostal interval. Also the ribs of N. striatocostata are always radially striated and this never occurs in N. quinquecostata. N. sexcostata (WOODWARD) is generally much smaller, more convex and the number of ribs is variable, but usually superior to 4 intercalaries; all ribs are radially striated; the principal ribs are more salient and the intercostal intervals are deeper and narrower than in N. quinquecostata. N. atava (ROEMER) has the general shape of N. quinquecostata, but its auricles are bigger, its right valve is more concave in individuals of the same size, its principal ribs are more salient, its intercalaries are more developed than riblets. I mention this species here, because very worn individuals of Steinkernen of N. quinquecostata could sometimes cause confusion. N. syriaca (CONRAD) differs only slightly from N. quinquecostata: the rib-arrangement is the same but the relative strength of the ribs is different: the principal ribs are more prominent and the intercalary ribs less so, and also, unequal amongst themselves; the areas and auricles are smooth; this is a constant characteristic probably of specific nature. The other Neithea-species differ so much, both in auricle shape and in number of ribs, that any confusion appears highly unlikely.» (*) Original description of P. versicostatuss LAMARCK.
P. testâ inaequivalvi, trigonâ; valvâ superiore planâ; alternâ tumidâ incurvato-arcuatâ; radiis numerosis confertis, quorum aliquot remotis aliis elevatioribus. Encyclop. pl. 214, f. 10, a, b, c. List. Conch, t. 451, f. 9 et 10. Habite ... Fossile de Coulaines, près du Mans, et des environs de Souligné-sous-Ballon. Cabinet de M. Menard et le mien. Mus. nº. Ses quatre ou cinq côtes plus saillantes que les autres font aisément reconnaître cette espèce; mais elle offre diverses variétés de taille, et en nombre de leurs côtes ou rayons. DHONDT, A. V. 1973. Systematic revision of the subfamily Neitheinae (Pectinidae, Bivavia, Mollusca) of the European Cretaceus. Mémoires du Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 176: 1-101, pls. 1-5. [p. 33-35]
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Neithea (Neithea) quinquecostata (Sowerby); A. V. Dhondt, 1973. Systematic revision of the subfamily Neitheinae (Pectinidae, Bivavia, Mollusca) of the European Cretaceus, plate 2, figures 2a-2c.
Neithea quinquecostata. Sowerby sp., Colline de Sainte-Catherine, près de Rouen (Seine-Inférieure); E. Bayle, 1878, Explication de la carte géologique de France. Tome quatrième, Atlas. Première partie. Fossiles principaux des terrains, plate 122, figures 2, 3.
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